PART 1 | Mechanics

CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1

1.1 Standards of Length, Mass, and Time 1

1.2 The Building Blocks of Matter 4

1.3 Dimensional Analysis 5

1.4 Uncertainty in Measurement and Significant Figures 7

1.5 Conversion of Units 10

1.6 Estimates and Order-of-Magnitude Calculations 12

1.7 Coordinate Systems 14

1.8 Trigonometry 15

1.9 Problem-Solving Strategy 17

Summary 18

CHAPTER 2 Motion in One Dimension 25

2.1 Displacement 26

2.2 Velocity 27

2.3 Acceleration 33

2.4 Motion Diagrams 35

2.5 One-Dimensional Motion with Constant Acceleration 36

2.6 Freely Falling Objects 43

Summary 47

CHAPTER 3 Vectors and Two-Dimensional

Motion 56

3.1 Vectors and Their Properties 56

3.2 Components of a Vector 58

3.3 Displacement, Velocity, and Acceleration in Two Dimensions 62

3.4 Motion in Two Dimensions 63

3.5 Relative Velocity 71

Summary 75

CHAPTER 4 The Laws of Motion 86

4.1 Forces 87

4.2 Newton’s First Law 88

4.3 Newton’s Second Law 89

4.4 Newton’s Third Law 95

4.5 Applications of Newton’s Laws 98

4.6 Forces of Friction 105

Summary 112

CHAPTER 5 Energy 124

5.1 Work 124

5.2 Kinetic Energy and the Work–Energy Theorem 129

5.3 Gravitational Potential Energy 132

5.4 Spring Potential Energy 140

5.5 Systems and Energy Conservation 145

5.6 Power 147

5.7 Work Done by a Varying Force 152

Summary 154

CHAPTER 6 Momentum and Collisions 167

6.1 Momentum and Impulse 167

6.2 Conservation of Momentum 172

6.3 Collisions 175

6.4 Glancing Collisions 182

6.5 Rocket Propulsion 184

Summary 187

CHAPTER 7 Rotational Motion and the Law of Gravity 198

7.1 Angular Speed and Angular Acceleration 198

7.2 Rotational Motion Under Constant Angular Acceleration 202

7.3 Relations Between Angular

and Linear Quantities 203

7.4 Centripetal Acceleration 207

7.5 Newtonian Gravitation 214

7.6 Kepler’s Laws 221

Summary 224

CHAPTER 8 Rotational Equilibrium and Rotational Dynamics 235

8.1 Torque 236

8.2 Torque and the Two Conditions for Equilibrium 240

8.3 The Center of Gravity 241

8.4 Examples of Objects in Equilibrium 244

8.5 Relationship Between Torque and Angular Acceleration 247

8.6 Rotational Kinetic Energy 254

8.7 Angular Momentum 257

Summary 261

CHAPTER 9 Solids and Fluids 277

9.1 States of Matter 277

9.2 Density and Pressure 279

9.3 The Deformation of Solids 282

9.4 Variation of Pressure with Depth 288

9.5 Pressure Measurements 292

9.6 Buoyant Forces and Archimedes’ Principle 293

9.7 Fluids in Motion 299

9.8 Other Applications of Fluid Dynamics 305

9.9 Surface Tension, Capillary Action, and Viscous Fluid Flow 308

9.10 Transport Phenomena 315

Summary 319

PART 2 | Thermodynamics

CHAPTER 10 Thermal Physics 331

10.1 Temperature and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics 332

10.2 Thermometers and Temperature Scales 333

10.3 Thermal Expansion of Solids and Liquids 337

10.4 Macroscopic Description of an Ideal Gas 343

10.5 The Kinetic Theory of Gases 348

Summary 354

CHAPTER 11 Energy in Thermal Processes 362

11.1 Heat and Internal Energy 362

11.2 Specific Heat 365

11.3 Calorimetry 367

11.4 Latent Heat and Phase Change 369

11.5 Energy Transfer 375

11.6 Global Warming and Greenhouse Gases 385

Summary 386

CHAPTER 12 The Laws of Thermodynamics 395

12.1 Work in Thermodynamic Processes 395

12.2 The First Law of Thermodynamics 398

12.3 Thermal Processes 401

12.4 Heat Engines and the Second Law of Thermodynamics 410

12.5 Entropy 418

12.6 Human Metabolism 424

Summary 427

PART 3 | Vibrations and Waves

CHAPTER 13 Vibrations and Waves 437

13.1 Hooke’s Law 437

13.2 Elastic Potential Energy 441

13.3 Comparing Simple Harmonic Motion with Uniform Circular Motion 445

13.4 Position, Velocity, and Acceleration as a Function of Time 449

13.5 Motion of a Pendulum 451

13.6 Damped Oscillations 454

13.7 Waves 455

13.8 Frequency, Amplitude, and Wavelength 458

13.9 The Speed of Waves on Strings 459

13.10 Interference of Waves 461

13.11 Reflection of Waves 462

Summary 463

CHAPTER 14 Sound 473

14.1 Producing a Sound Wave 473

14.2 Characteristics of Sound Waves 474

14.3 The Speed of Sound 476

14.4 Energy and Intensity of Sound Waves 478

14.5 Spherical and Plane Waves 481

14.6 The Doppler Effect 482

14.7 Interference of Sound Waves 488

14.8 Standing Waves 489

14.9 Forced Vibrations and Resonance 494

14.10 Standing Waves in Air Columns 495

14.11 Beats 499

14.12 Quality of Sound 500

14.13 The Ear 502

Summary 503

PART 4 | Electricity and Magnetism

CHAPTER 15 Electric Forces and Electric Fields 513

15.1 Properties of Electric Charges 514

15.2 Insulators and Conductors 515

15.3 Coulomb’s Law 517

15.4 The Electric Field 522

15.5 Electric Field Lines 526

15.6 Conductors in Electrostatic Equilibrium 529

15.7 The Millikan Oil-Drop Experiment 531

15.8 The Van de Graaff Generator 532

15.9 Electric Flux and Gauss’s Law 533

Summary 539

CHAPTER 16 Electrical Energy and Capacitance 548

16.1 Potential Difference and Electric Potential 548

16.2 Electric Potential and Potential Energy Due to Point Charges 555

16.3 Potentials and Charged Conductors 558

16.4 Equipotential Surfaces 559

16.5 Applications 560

16.6 Capacitance 562

16.7 The Parallel-Plate Capacitor 563

16.8 Combinations of Capacitors 565

16.9 Energy Stored in a Charged Capacitor 571

16.10 Capacitors with Dielectrics 573

Summary 579

CHAPTER 17 Current and Resistance 590

17.1 Electric Current 590

17.2 A Microscopic View: Current and Drift Speed 593

17.3 Current and Voltage Measurements In Circuits 595

17.4 Resistance, Resistivity, and Ohm’s Law 596

17.5 Temperature Variation of Resistance 599

17.6 Electrical Energy and Power 601

17.7 Superconductors 604

17.8 Electrical Activity in the Heart 605

Summary 608

CHAPTER 18 Direct-Current Circuits 616

18.1 Sources of emf 616

18.2 Resistors in Series 617

18.3 Resistors in Parallel 620

18.4 Kirchhoff’s Rules and Complex DC Circuits 625

18.5 RC Circuits 629

18.6 Household Circuits 633

18.7 Electrical Safety 634

18.8 Conduction of Electrical Signals by Neurons 635

Summary 638

CHAPTER 19 Magnetism 648

19.1 Magnets 648

19.2 Earth’s Magnetic Field 650

19.3 Magnetic Fields 652

19.4 Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor 655

19.5 Torque on a Current Loop and Electric Motors 658

19.6 Motion of a Charged Particle in a Magnetic Field 661

19.7 Magnetic Field of a Long, Straight Wire and Ampère’s Law 664

19.8 Magnetic Force Between Two Parallel Conductors 667

19.9 Magnetic Fields of Current Loops and Solenoids 669

19.10 Magnetic Domains 673

Summary 675

CHAPTER 20 Induced Voltages and Inductance 688

20.1 Induced emf and Magnetic Flux 688

20.2 Faraday’s Law of Induction and Lenz’s Law 691

20.3 Motional emf 697

20.4 Generators 701

20.5 Self-Inductance 705

20.6 RL Circuits 707

20.7 Energy Stored in a Magnetic Field 711

Summary 712

CHAPTER 21 Alternating-Current Circuits and Electromagnetic Waves 723

21.1 Resistors in an AC Circuit 723

21.2 Capacitors in an AC Circuit 727

21.3 Inductors in an AC Circuit 728

21.4 The RLC Series Circuit 730

21.5 Power in an AC Circuit 734

21.6 Resonance in a Series RLC Circuit 735

21.7 The Transformer 737

21.8 Maxwell’s Predictions 739

21.9 Hertz’s Confirmation of Maxwell’s Predictions 740

21.10 Production of Electromagnetic Waves by an Antenna 741

21.11 Properties of Electromagnetic Waves 742

CHAPTER 27 Quantum Physics 911

27.1 Blackbody Radiation and Planck’s Hypothesis 911

27.2 The Photoelectric Effect and the Particle Theory of Light 913

27.3 X-Rays 916

27.4 Diffraction of X-Rays by Crystals 918

27.5 The Compton Effect 920

27.6 The Dual Nature of Light and Matter 922

27.7 The Wave Function 925

27.8 The Uncertainty Principle 926

Summary 928

CHAPTER 28 Atomic Physics 934

28.1 Early Models of the Atom 934

28.2 Atomic Spectra 935

28.3 The Bohr Model 937

28.4 Quantum Mechanics and the Hydrogen Atom 942

28.5 The Exclusion Principle and the Periodic Table 945

28.6 Characteristic X-Rays 947

28.7 Atomic Transitions and Lasers 949

Summary 951

CHAPTER 29 Nuclear Physics 957

29.1 Some Properties of Nuclei 957

29.2 Binding Energy 960

29.3 Radioactivity 962

29.4 The Decay Processes 965

29.5 Natural Radioactivity 971

29.6 Nuclear Reactions 971

29.7 Medical Applications of Radiation 973

Summary 976

CHAPTER 30 Nuclear Energy and Elementary

Particles 982

30.1 Nuclear Fission 982

30.2 Nuclear Fusion 986

30.3 Elementary Particles and the Fundamental Forces 989

30.4 Positrons and Other Antiparticles 990

30.5 Classification of Particles 990

30.6 Conservation Laws 992

30.7 The Eightfold Way 995

30.8 Quarks and Color 995

30.9 Electroweak Theory and the Standard Model 997

30.10 The Cosmic Connection 999

30.11 Unanswered Questions in Cosmology 1000

30.12 Problems and Perspectives 1003

Summary 1004